ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰੌਨਿਕ ਵੋਟਿੰਗ ਮਸ਼ੀਨਾਂ (ਈ. ਵੀ. ਐੱਮ.) ਨਾਲ ਲੋਕਤੰਤਰ ਨੂੰ ਖਤਰਾ

 ielYktROink voitMg mSInW (eIvIAY~m) ny 1960 dy dhwky iv~c AwpxI SurUAwq qoN lY ky hux q~k cox idRS ƒ mh~qvpUrn rUp iv~c bdl id~qw hY[ ieh lyK eIvIAY~m dy Awly-duAwly dy ieiqhws, ivkws Aqy ivSv idRStIkox bwry d~sdw hY, ijs iv~c Bwrq dy mohrI god lYx 'qy ivSyS iDAwn id~qw igAw hY[  rvwieqI pypr bYlt nwl juVIAW cuxOqIAW ƒ dUr krn leI ielYktROink voitMg mSInW pyS kIqIAW geIAW sn[ voitMg pRikirAw dI kuSlqw Aqy Su~Dqw ƒ vDwaux dy audyS nwl sMXukq rwj AmrIkw iv~c 1960 dy dhwky iv~c SurUAwqI sMklp au~BirAw[  eIvIAY~m dy SurUAwqI pRototweIpW ƒ qknIkI sImwvW ƒ dUr krn Aqy BrosyXogqw ƒ XkInI bxwaux leI keI vwr duhrwieAw igAw[ ienHW mSInW dy ivkws ny dunIAw Br dIAW coxW iv~c ienHW dI ivAwpk vrqoN leI rwh p~Drw kIqw[

dsMbr, 1977 iv~c kimSn ny bYlt pyprW dI vrqoN nwl jufæIAW kuJ sm~isAwvW ƒ dUr krn Aqy tYknolojI dy ivkws dw lwB lYx leI eIvIAY~m dw ivcwr pyS kIqw qW jo votr ibnW iksy AspStqw dy shI FMg nwl AwpxI vot pw skx Aqy AXog votW dIAW sMBwvnwvW ƒ pUrI qrHW htw skx[

AYm. bI. hnIPw ny 1980 iv~c pihlI BwrqI voitMg mSIn dI Koj kIqI sI[ ies dI vrqoN pihlI vwr 1981 iv~c kyrl dy au~qrI prvUr ivDwn sBw hlky dIAW aup coxW iv~c 50 poilMg stySnW iv~c kIqI geI sI[ eIvIAY~m ƒ 1989 iv~c BwrqI cox kimSn duAwrw Bwrq ielYktROinks ilmitf Aqy ielYktROinks kwrporySn AwP ieMfIAw ilmitf dy sihXog nwl cwlU kIqw igAw sI[

 ies kwƒn iv~c sMsd duAwrw dsMbr, 1988 iv~c soD kIqI geI sI Aqy lok pRqIinDqw AYkt, 1951 iv~c ie~k nvIN Dwrw 61 ey Swml kIqI geI sI ijs nwl kimSn ƒ voitMg mSInW dI vrqoN krn dw AiDkwr id~qw igAw sI[ ieh soDI hoeI ivvsQw 15 mwrc, 1989 qoN lwgU hoeI sI[

 bYlt qoN mSIn q~k 

ielYktROink voitMg mSIn Bwrq iv~c bYlt bwks kYpcirMg Aqy JUTI vot pwaux dI sm~isAw ƒ h~l krn leI pyS kIqI geI sI, jo ik bYlt pypr dI vrqoN krdy smyN Bwrq iv~c ie~k Awm idRS sI[ eIvIAY~m qoN pihlW dy Xu~g dI ie~k hor rukwvt AXog votW dw au~c Anupwq sI[ bhuq swry lokW ƒ inrDwrq jgHw iv~c fwk itkt lgwaux iv~c muSkl AweI[ ies qoN ielwvw, bYlt pypr dI lwgq Aqy poilMg stwP dI lMmI imhnq ie~k vwDU boJ sI[ ies leI, BwrqI sMsd ny Bwrq iv~c Awm Aqy rwj coxW krvwaux leI Bwrq dy cox kimSn duAwrw ielYktROink voitMg mSIn dI vrqoN krn dw PYslw kIqw[ Bwrq iv~c eIvIAY~m iv~c ie~k bYlt XUint, votrW leI sbMDq aumIdvwrW jW rwjnIiqk pwrtIAW dy nwm dy swhmxy btn Aqy ie~k kMtrol XUint huMdw hY jo bUQ AiDkwrI duAwrw clwieAw jWdw hY[

AiDAYn kIqy gey hn ijnHW qoN pqw c~ilAw hY ik eIvIAY~m ny cox DoKwDfæI Aqy cox DWdlI kwrn mufæ poilMg ƒ G~t kIqw hY Aqy coxW ƒ ie~k sur~iKAq mwmlw bxwieAw hY, ijs nwl votrW dI igxqI iv~c vwDw hoieAw hY[

cox kimSn duAwrw vrqI jw rhI ie~k eIvIAY~m v~D qoN v~D 2,000 votW irkwrf kr skdI hY[  AYm 2 eIvIAYmz (2006-10) dy mwmly iv~c eIvIAYmz notw smyq v~D qoN v~D 64 aumIdvwrW ƒ pUrw kr skdIAW hn[ AY~m 3 eIvIAY~m (2013 qoN bwAd) dy mwmly iv~c eIvIAY~m notw smyq v~D qoN v~D 384 aumIdvwrW ƒ pUrw kr skdI hY[

gYr-cox smyN dOrwn eIvIAY~m dw BMfwrn[ gYr-cox smyN dOrwn, ielYktROink voitMg mSInW (eI. vI. AY~m.) ƒ sur~iKAq FMg nwl sMBwilAw Aqy sMBwilAw jWdw hY qW jo aunHW dI AKMfqw ƒ XkInI bxwieAw jw sky Aqy CyfæCwfæ ƒ roikAw jw sky[ ivSyS pRikirAwvW dyS jW Kyqr Anuswr v~K-v~K ho skdIAW hn, pr Awm qOr 'qy, eIvIAY~m dI sur~iKAw leI hyT ilKy aupwA kIqy jWdy hn:

BMfwrn shUlqW  eIvIAYm ƒ inrDwrq Aqy sur~iKAq storyj shUlqW iv~c stor kIqw jWdw hY jo    Awm qOr 'qy 24/7 sur~iKAq Aqy ingrwnI kIqI jWdI hY[ ieh shUlqW srkwrI mlkIAq vwlIAW    ho skdIAW hn jW in~jI sMsQwvW qoN kMtrYkt kIqIAW jw skdIAW hn[

       sur~iKAw aupwA  BMfwrn shUlqW sur~iKAw aupwA ijvyN ik sI. sI. tI. vI. kYmry, phuMc inXMqrx pRxwlIAW Aqy iksy vI AxAiDkwrq phuMc ƒ rokx Aqy pqw lgwaux leI AlwrmW nwl lYs hn[

 tYNpr-prUP sIlW  eI. vI. AY~m. ƒ coxW qoN bwAd CyVCwV-sp~St sIlW nwl sIl kr id~qw jWdw hY[ ieh mohrW CyVCwV dy sMkyq idKwaux leI iqAwr kIqIAW geIAW hn, ijs nwl ieh sp~St ho jWdw hY ik jy koeI mSIn KolHx dI koiSS krdw hY[

inXmq inrIKx  BMfwirq eIvIAY~m dI BOiqk AKMfqw ƒ XkInI bxwaux leI smyN-smyN 'qy inrIKx kIqy jWdy hn[ ies iv~c sIlW, hwrfvyAr kMponYNts Aqy hor sbMDq pihlUAW dI jWc Swml ho skdI hY[

jlvwXU-inXMqirq vwqwvrx  eIvIAY~m ƒ bhuq izAwdw qwpmwn, nmI jW hor vwqwvrxk kwrkW qoN hox vwly nukswn ƒ rokx leI jlvwXU-inXMqirq vwqwvrx iv~c stor kIqw jWdw hY[

mwl pRbMDn.  swrIAW eIvIAY~mz au~qy nzr r~Kx leI ie~k vsqU sUcI pRbMDn pRxwlI bxweI r~KI jWdI hY[ mSInW dI igxqI, aunHW dI siQqI Aqy aunHW dy sQwn ƒ irkwrf kIqw jWdw hY Aqy ingrwnI kIqI jWdI hY[

AiDkwirq phuMc.  isrP AiDkwrq krmcwrIAW, ijvyN ik cox kimSn dy AiDkwrIAW jW nwmzd tYknISIAnW ƒ hI BMfwrn shUlqW q~k phuMc dI AwigAw hY[ AYksYs lOg Aksr ieh pqw lgwaux leI r~Ky jWdy hn ik BMfwrn Kyqr iv~c kOx Aqy kdoN dwKl huMdw hY[

isKlweI Aqy jwgrUkqw   eIvIAY~m dy BMfwrn Aqy r~K-rKwA iv~c Swml krmcwrIAW ƒ s^q pRotokol Aqy sur~iKAw aupwvW dI pwlxw krn leI isKlweI id~qI jWdI hY[ aunHW ƒ cox pRikirAw dI AKMfqw ƒ XkInI bxwaux iv~c aunHW dI BUimkw dy mh~qv qoN jwxU krvwieAw jWdw hY[

inXimq r~K-rKwA eIvIAY~m 'qy inXimq r~K-rKwA dI jWc kIqI jw skdI hY qW jo ieh suinSicq kIqw jw sky ik AglIAW coxW leI loV pYx' qy auh kMm kr rhy hn[

ienHW aupwvW dw smUihk audyS gYr-cox smyN dOrwn ielYktROink voitMg mSInW dI sur~iKAw, kwrjkuSlqw Aqy AKMfqw ƒ bxweI r~Kxw hY[ tIcw ieh suinSicq krnw hY ik mSInW Agly cox c~kr iv~c vrqoN leI iqAwr hn Aqy CyVCwV jW AxAiDkwrq phuMc dI iksy vI koiSS dw qurMq pqw lgwieAw jWdw hY[

 voitMg dOrwn eIvIAY~m dw trWsPr:

pihlw rYNfmweIzySn  eIvIAY~m ƒ pwrtI dy numwieMidAW dI mOjUdgI iv~c swPtvyAr rwhIN v~K-v~K ivDwn sBw KyqrW iv~c byqrqIby FMg nwl Alwt kIqw jWdw hY[  ies ibMdU qoN, ivDwn sBw Kyqr dw irtrinMg AiDkwrI (AwrE) inrDwrq mSInW dw cwrj lYNdw hY Aqy auhnW ƒ inrDwrq kmirAW iv~c stor krdw hY[

dUjw rYNfmweIzySn  eIvIAY~m ƒ pwrtI dy numwieMidAW dI mOjUdgI iv~c ivSyS poilMg stySnW 'qy lgwieAw jWdw hY[

aumIdvwrW dI sQwpnw qoN bwAd, jo aumIdvwrW dy nwm AMiqm hox qoN bwAd eIvIAYm iqAwr krn dI pRikirAw hY, pwrtI dy numwieMidAW dI mOjUdgI iv~c stRWg rUm ƒ sIl kr id~qw jWdw hY[  ie~k vwr sIl hox qoN bwAd, stRWg rUm isrP ie~k inSicq imqI Aqy smyN 'qy KoilHAw jw skdw hY jdoN mSInW ƒ inrDwrq poilMg stySnW ƒ sONpxw huMdw hY[  kuJ rwKvIN eIvIAY~m ƒ stRWg rUm qoN vI ilAw jWdw hY Aqy nuksdwr mSInW ƒ bdlx leI ivDwn sBw Kyqr iv~c ie~k kyNdrI sQwn iv~c stor kIqw jWdw hY[

ivvwd.  Bwrq iv~c hwl hI dy idnW iv~c ielYktROink voitMg mSInW bihs dw ivSw bx geIAW hn[ ijvyN ik eIvIAY~m bwry keI irportW swhmxy AweIAW hn ik ies nwl AswnI nwl CyVCwV kIqI jw skdI hY Aqy ie~k rwjnIiqk pwrtI jW aumIdvwr dIAW votW AwswnI nwl dUjI ƒ qbdIl kIqIAW jw skdIAW hn[

keI GtnwvW ny lokW ƒ eIvIAY~m dI pRmwixkqw 'qy S~k krn leI mjbUr kr id~qw hY ijvyN ik qknIkI nuks ij~Qy eIvIAY~m ny jvwb dyxw bMd kr id~qw hY Aqy keI lok dwAvw krdy hn ik isstm hYk krn Xog hY[

jrmnI, AwierlYNf, U.S.A. Aqy ietlI vrgy dyS jo Bwrq nwloN vDyry qknIkI qOr 'qy mzbUq hn, ny vI smyN-smyN' qy eIvIAYm mSInW dI pwrdrSqw 'qy S~k kIqw hY Aqy ie~QoN q~k ik coxW iv~c ienHW mSInW dI vrqoN' qy pwbMdI lgw id~qI hY[

hwlWik, Bwrq dy cox kimSn ny smyN-smyN 'qy eIvIAYm nwl CyfæCwfæ dI sMBwvnw qoN ienkwr kIqw hY Aqy eIvIAYm nwl CyVCwV nhIN kIqI jw skdI bwry irportW vI id~qIAW hn Aqy jnqk qOr' qy eIvIAYm ƒ ienwm leI BVkwaux dI cuxOqI vI id~qI hY[

 pr hwl hI iv~c hoey ivvwd ny ku~J s~cy ivcwrvwn ivAkqIAW dIAW A~KW au~pr JwqI mwrI[ nvMbr 2023 iv~c pMj rwjW iv~c ivDwn sBw coxW leI votW dI igxqI qoN pihlW, s~qwDwrI pwrtI au~qy votW corI krn dy doS l~gy sn ikauNik vwrwxsI iv~c eIvIAYm lY ky jw rhy ie~k tr~k ƒ roikAw igAw sI[

ivSvws ƒ muV pRwpq krnw.  cox kimSn ny pihlW hI votr-vYrIPweIeybl pypr Awift tryl (vI. vI. pI. ey. tI.) ƒ ie~k jufæy ipRMtr nwl cwlU kr id~qw hY jo vot pwaux vwilAW leI ie~k pypr tryl pRdwn krdw hY[

vrqmwn iv~c eIvIAY~m iv~c vot pwaux qoN bwAd ipRMitf pypr is~Dw f~by iv~c su~t id~qw jWdw hY[ (votr kol ies ƒ dyKx leI isrP s~q sikMt hn). ies dI bjwey, kwgz votr ƒ id~qw jwxw cwhIdw hY ijs ƒ iPr ies ƒ bYlt bwks iv~c su~t dyxw cwhIdw hY[ eIvIAY~m dI SurUAwq qoN pihlW ieh pRikirAw sI[

mOjUdw pRxwlI iv~c, vIvIpIeytI qoN votW dI igxqI dI mMg krn leI, iksy ƒ AdwlqW iv~c jwxw pYNdw hY[ ies dI bjwey, eI. sI. AweI. ƒ ie~k nvIN pRikirAw pyS krnI cwhIdI hY ijs iv~c nqIjy dI GoSxw krn qoN pihlW ipRMitf bYlt dI h~QIN igxqI kIqI jwxI cwhIdI hY jy jyqU Aqy hwrn vwly ivckwr AMqr 10% qoN G~t hY, Aqy hwrn vwlw muV igxqI dI mMg krdw hY[

lokqMqr iv~c cox pRikirAw dI BrosyXogqw qoN v~D mh~qvpUrn Swied kuJ vI nhIN hY, ies leI lokqMqr iv~c coxW nw isrP inrp~K hoxIAW cwhIdIAW hn blik inrp~K idKxIAW vI cwhIdIAW hn[ Awpxy Aks ƒ mzbUq krky Aqy kuJ hor pwrdrSI suDwr ilAw ky, cox kimSn coxW iv~c ivSvws bhwl kr skdw hY[

eIvIAY~m bhuq swry lwB pRdwn krdy hn, ijs iv~c qyz tYbUlySn, mnu~KI glqI dI G~t sMBwvnw Aqy vDI hoeI phuMc Swml hY[ ienHW lwBW ny Bwrq iv~c aunHW dI ivAwpk pRvwngI iv~c Xogdwn pwieAw[

 ielYktROink voitMg pRxwlI dy ivSyS PwieidAW dy bwvjUd, ies pRxwlI dy nukswn vI hn[ eI-voitMg 'qy iksy vI qrHW dw byqrqIb PYslw lYx qoN pihlW swry sbMDq lokW ƒ ielYktROink voitMg pRxwlI dy nukswnW' qy gMBIrqw nwl ivcwr krnw cwhIdw hY[ ieh hn:

hYikMg dI Asur~iKAw: cox suDwr Aqy ielYktRwink voitMg pRxwlIAW dI kWgrs dI Koj syvw dy Anuswr, ivkryqw Aqy cox AiDkwr Kyqr Awm qOr 'qy ieh kihMdy hn ik auh ieMtrnYt rwhIN cox nqIijAW ƒ pRswirq nhIN krdy, pr auh aunHW ƒ is~Dy mwfm knYkSn jW vrcuAl pRweIvyt nYtvrk (VPN) rwhIN sMcwirq kr skdy hn[hwlWik, ieh phuMc vI ieMtrnY~t rwhIN hmly dy ADIn ho skdI hY, ^wskr jy AYnikRpSn Aqy qsdIk kw&I nhIN hn[ Aijhw ies leI hY ikauNik tYlIPon tRWsimSn isstm Awpxy Awp iv~c ieMtrnY~t Aqy kMipaUtrW nwl qyzI nwl juVy hoey hn ijs nwl pRwpq krn vwlw srvr juiVAw ho skdw hY, ijvyN ik lokl eyrIAw nY~tvrk (LAN) rwhIN ieMtrnY~t kunYkSn ho skdy hn[ ies leI, bMglwdyS dy mwmly iv~c ieMtrnY~t dI vrqoN krnw svwl qoN bwhr hovygw ij~Qy swfy kol lgwqwr cox DoKwDVI bwry S~k dw ieiqhws hY[

votr vYrIPweIf pypr Awift tryl. swrIAW pUrI qrHW ielYktROink (t~c skRIn, fI. Awr. eI., ieMtrnY~t) voitMg pRxwlIAW kMipaUtr tYknolojI dIAW sImwvW Aqy joKmW dy ADIn hn[ ies iv~c hwrfvyAr Aqy/jW swPtvyAr dI mOjUdgI dw pqw lgwaux iv~c Asmr~Qw Swml hY jo jwxbu~J ky jW Axjwxy iv~c, cox nqIijAW ƒ bdlx leI vrqI jw skdI hY[ rybykw mrkrI, pIAYcfI, pRDwn, notbl swPtvyAr dy Anuswr, jmhUrI coxW leI suqMqr qsdIk dI loV huMdI hY ik swrIAW votW dIAW coxW ƒ audyS Anuswr drj kIqw igAw hY Aqy votW dy ku~l votrW duAwrw jWc kIqI geI ausy sm~grI qoN BrosyXog Aqy inrivvwd rUp iv~c bxwey gey hn[  votr vYrIPweIf pypr bYlt (vI. vI. pI. bI.) votrW ƒ Brosw idvwaux leI ie~k Awift Xog qrIkw pRdwn krdw hY ik aunHW dIAW votW igxqI leI auplbD hoxgIAW[ vI. vI. pI. bI. qoN ibnW cox nqIijAW dw suqMqr qOr 'qy Awift krn dw koeI qrIkw nhIN hY[

 DoKwDVI leI sMvydnSIlqw.  voitMg DoKwDVI jW qW hr jgHw mOjUd nhIN hY jW hr jgHw gYrhwzr nhIN hY[ ^ws krky swfy dyS iv~c hwrn vwlIAW swrIAW isAwsI pwrtIAW v~loN hmySw DoKwDVI dy ielzwm l~gy rihMdy hn[ DoKwDVI ifgrI Aqy vwDy iv~c AwauNdI hY[ ie~k ivkryqw duAwrw bxweI geI Aqy sYNkVy hzwrW poilMg bUQW iv~c vMfI geI ie~k glq voitMg pRxwlI, Xojnwb~D FMg nwl l~KW votW ƒ glq swbq kr skdI hY[ hwlWik kuJ lokW dw mMnxw hY ik ielYktROink voitMg mSIn nwl CyVCwV krnw bhuq muSkl hY, pr kMipaUtr ivigAwnIAW ny ieh swbq krn leI mSInW nwl CyVCwV kIqI hY ik ieh kw&I AswnI nwl kIqw jWdw hY[  hwlWik, jy lokW kol mSInW q~k phuMc hY, Aqy auh jwxdy hn ik aunHW ƒ ikvyN kMm krnw hY, qW auh mSIn iv~coN mYmrI kwrf lY skdy hn, jo votW ƒ stor krdw hY, Aqy AwpxI jgHw 'qy auh ie~k vwiers nwl Awpxw mYmrI kwrf lgw skdy hn jo votW nwl CyVCwV kr skdw hY[ ieh v~fy p~Dr 'qy Aqy Qok p~Dr' qy DoKwDVI hY[  ies dy ault, ie~k bYlt bwks ƒ Brnw ie~k pRcUn p~Dr 'qy kMm krdw hY[ ie~k CyVCwV krn vwlw, BwvyN auh ikMnw vI Kqrnwk Aqy kuSl hovy, voitMg sQwn 'qy isrP EnI hI votW pw skdw hY ijMnI sMBv qOr' qy pweIAW jw skdIAW hn, pr ie~k nuksdwr Aqy Krwb voitMg pRxwlI (Kqrnwk fI. Awr. eI. swPtvyAr) bhuq izAwdw votW ƒ pRBwvq kr skdI hY[

 votrW dy ierwdy ƒ hwsl krn iv~c Su~Dqw.  jy coxW iv~c ie~k t~c skRIn dI vrqoN kIqI jWdI hY, qW t~c skRIn aupkrxW iv~c sYNsrW ƒ SOk Aqy kMbxI duAwrw AlweInmYNt qoN bwhr k~iFAw jw skdw hY jo tRWsport dOrwn ho skdw hY[ jdoN q~k ieh sYNsr voitMg SurU hox qoN pihlW poilMg sQwn 'qy dubwrw nhIN lgwey jWdy, t~c skRIn mSInW votr dy ierwdy dI glq ivAwiKAw kr skdIAW hn[ audwhrx dy leI, ie~k votr skRIn dy aus ih~sy ƒ CUh skdw hY ijs dI pCwx aumIdvwr ‘a’ nwl kIqI geI hY, pr ies dI bjwey aumIdvwr ‘A’ dI roSnI hovygI[

 inrmwqw dy isAwsI sbMD.  mOjUdw srkwr v~loN kwrjvwhk srkwr dw pRbMD nw r~Kx Aqy AglIAW Awm coxW ƒ rwjnIqk srkwr Aqy cox kimSn dy ADIn krvwaux dy PYsly ny eI-voitMg pRxwlI dI vrqoN krn dI koiSS ƒ vDyry qrkhIx Aqy Axauicq bxw id~qw hY[ 11 jnvrI ƒ s~qw sMBwlx qoN bwAd AYmrjYNsI dOrwn Aqy ipClIAW 2008 dIAW Awm coxW dOrwn ivvwdpUrn it~pxIAW Aqy kwrvweIAW kwrn swfy cox kimSn ƒ vI kw&I Awlocnw dw swhmxw krnw ipAw sI[ swfy rwjnIqk s~iBAwcwr ƒ iDAwn iv~c r~Kdy hoey, ieh ibnW S~k ie~k q~Q hY ik eI-voitMg pRxwlI leI ikrwey 'qy ilAw igAw koeI vI inrmwqw jW kMpnI s~qw iv~c mOjUdw rwjnIiqk pwrtI dIAW' zrUrqW 'dy Anuswr eI-voitMg mSInW ƒ iqAwr krygI[ ies leI ieh mSInW dyS dIAW hor swrIAW rwjnIqk pwrtIAW qoN jWc, AivSvws Aqy jWc dy ADIn hoxgIAW[

Kqrnwk swPtvyAr pRogrwimMg. koeI vI kMipaUtr swPtvyAr mUl rUp iv~c swPtvyAr pRogrwimMg Aqy koifMg qoN iqAwr kIqw jWdw hY[ Aqy ienHW swry swPtvyArW nwl ie~k kMipaUtr pRogrwmr duAwrw CyVCwV kIqI jw skdI hY jo sroq kof ƒ jwxdw hY[ sur~iKAw sm~isAwvW leI ielYktROink voitMg pRxwlIAW dI jWc krnw, ^wskr jy aunHW ƒ jwxbu~J ky pyS kIqw igAw sI Aqy lukwieAw igAw sI, Asl iv~c AsMBv hY[ jy pRogrwmrW duAwrw vpwrk swPtvyAr iv~c Kqrnwk koifMg pweI jWdI hY jo ik kMipaUtr kIborf rwhIN kmWfW Aqy kIstRok dy AspSt sMjogW duAwrw SurU kIqI jWdI hY, qW cox nqIjy pUrI qrHW bdl skdy hn[

mSIn dI srIrk sur~iKAw.   BOiqk hwrfvyAr inXMqrx dy sMbMD iv~c, jWc ADIn bhuq swry fI. Awr. eI. (fwierYkt irkwrifMg ielYktROink voitMg mSIn) mwflW iv~c isstm dI sur~iKAw leI iqAwr kIqy gey inXMqrx iv~c kmzorIAW sn[ XU. AY~s. ey. srkwr dy jvwbdyhI d&qr dy Anuswr, ie~k ivSyS fI. Awr. eI. mwfl dy swry qwly AwswnI nwl cu~ky gey sn, Aqy swry ie~ko kuMjI duAwrw inXMqirq kIqy gey sn[ ies qoN ielwvw fI. Awr. eI. dy ie~k ivSyS mwfl ƒ ie~k muFlw nY~tvrk bxwaux leI dUijAW nwl joiVAw igAw sI[ jy iehnW mSInW iv~coN ie~k ƒ glqI nwl jW jwxbu~J ky dUijAW qoN Anpl~g kr id~qw igAw sI, qW nYtvrk iv~c dUjIAW mSInW dy voitMg kwrjW iv~c ivGn pY jwvygw[ ies qoN ielwvw, smIiKAkW ny pwieAw ik fI. Awr. eI. isstm ƒ cwlU jW bMd krn leI vrqy jwx vwly siv~c, Aqy nwl hI iksy ivSyS fI. Awr. eI. trmInl 'qy coxW ƒ bMd krn leI vrqy jwx vwly siv~c sur~iKAq nhIN sn[

votW dw sur~iKAq BMfwrn.  ielYktROink voitMg mSInW dI vrqoN nwl pweIAW geIAW votW ƒ kMipaUtr mSIn mYmorI iv~c ie~k sur~iKAq storyj jW jgHw iv~c stor kIqw jWdw hY[ pr, fOg jons, pIAYcfI, AwieEvw XUnIvristI iv~c kMipaUtr swieMs dy pRoPYsr ny AwpxI ikqwb, isikEr ielYktROink voitMg iv~c smJwieAw, 'ie~k dhwky qoN v~D smyN qoN, swrIAW is~DI irkwrifMg ielYktROink mSInW ƒ bylofæw storyj r~Kx dI zrUrq hY, pr ieh bylofæw storyj votW dw suqMqr irkwrf nhIN hY, ikauNik ieh ausy sw~PtvyAr duAwrw bxwieAw igAw hY ijs ny Asl irkwrf bxwieAw hY[ nqIjy vjoN, sOPtvyAr dI Su~Dqw dI jWc krn leI keI PweIlW sImq vrqoN dIAW hn[

ielYktROink voitMg mSInW (eI. vI. AY~m.) lokqMqrI pRikirAw iv~c ie~k ivvwdpUrn q~q vjoN au~BrIAW hn, ijs iv~c icMqwvW dI v~D rhI igxqI aunHW dy nukswn v~l ieSwrw krdI hY jo kiQq PwieidAW nwloN v~D hn[ jdoN ik eIvIAY~m ƒ pyS krn dy ip~Cy dw ierwdw cox pRikirAw ƒ sucwrU Aqy AwDuink bxwauxw sI, sur~iKAw kmzorIAW, pwrdrSqw dI Gwt Aqy hyrwPyrI dI sMBwvnw dy inrMqr mu~idAW ny aunHW dI BrosyXogqw 'qy CwieAw pw id~qw hY[

eIvIAY~m dy mu~Fly nukswnW iv~coN ie~k hYikMg Aqy CyfæCwfæ dI kmzorI hY, jo cox nqIijAW dI AKMfqw bwry svwl KfæHy krdI hY[ qsdIkXog pypr tryl dI Gwt ienHW icMqwvW ƒ hor vDwauNdI hY, ijs nwl ArQpUrn Awift krnw Aqy nqIijAW dI Su~Dqw ƒ XkInI bxwauxw muSkl ho jWdw hY[ ies qoN ielwvw, eIvIAY~m dI qknIkI guMJlqw ny nwgirkW leI voitMg pRikirAw ƒ pUrI qrHW smJx iv~c rukwvt pYdw kr id~qI hY, ijs nwl ie~k ishqmMd lokqMqr leI zrUrI pwrdrSqw G~t ho geI hY[

ies qoN ielwvw, v~K-v~K coxW dOrwn Krwb mSInW, swPtvyAr dIAW nuksW Aqy qknIkI glqIAW dIAW GtnwvW swhmxy AweIAW hn, ijs nwl votrW dy vot AiDkwr Kqm ho gey hn Aqy cox pRxwlI iv~c lokW dw ivSvws G~t hoieAw hY[ ienHW mu~idAW dw pRcln coxW krvwaux dy vDyry BrosyXog Aqy mUrKqwpUrn FMg dI zrUrq ƒ drswauNdw hY[

ienHW mh~qvpUrn kmIAW dy m~dynzr, voitMg dy ivklipk qrIikAW 'qy ivcwr krnw lwzmI hY jo sur~iKAw Aqy pwrdrSqw dovW ƒ qrjIh idMdy hn[ isPwrSI h~lW iv~coN ie~k pypr bYlt v~l vwpsI hY, ijs iv~c nqIijAW dI Su~Dqw ƒ XkInI bxwaux leI s^q Awift pRikirAwvW Swml hn[ ieh rvwieqI phuMc nw isrP ielYktROink pRxwlIAW nwl jufæIAW icMqwvW ƒ sMboiDq krdI hY blik hryk vot pwaux dw ie~k Tos Aqy AswnI nwl qsdIkXog irkwrf vI pRdwn krdI hY[

AMq iv~c, ielYktROink voitMg mSInW dI inrMqr vrqoN lokqMqrI buinAwd leI ie~k mh~qvpUrn joKm pYdw krdI hY, Aqy pCwxy gey nukswn iksy vI sMBwivq lwB qoN v~D hn[ lokqMqr dy rKvwly hox dy nwqy, nIqI inrmwqwvW leI cox pRikirAw dI piv~qrqw ƒ qrjIh dyxw Aqy ivklipk, vDyry BrosyXog qrIikAW 'qy ivcwr krnw mh~qvpUrn hY[ vDyry pwrdrSI, sur~iKAq Aqy phuMcXog voitMg pRxwlI dy h~k iv~c eIvIAYm 'qy pwbMdI lgwauxw lokW dy ivSvws ƒ mzbUq krn Aqy lokqMqr dy buinAwdI isDWqW ƒ kwiem r~Kx v~l ie~k kdm hY[